About:

 Curriculum vitae.

 As off 1991, Klaas Timmermans works as a senior scientist at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, first within the Department of Marine Chemistry & Geology, and from 2008 on in the Department of Biological Oceanography. His main research interests are on the cutting edge of marine microbiology and chemistry: they focus on the effects of changes in metal speciation (= availability for biota) and changes in CO₂ conditions on marine phytoplankton and macro-algae (seaweeds) in the laboratory and at sea. Specifically, Klaas Timmermans studies the effects of trace metal deficiencies on open Southern Ocean diatoms, the role of diatoms in biogeochemical cycles, the effects of diatom growth on global climate change (and vice versa), the bioavailability of trace metals, most notably iron, and the possibilities to use seaweeds a producers of high value products (pigments, phytosterols, etc). His work combines biology, analytical chemistry, remote sensing and metal speciation modeling. The overarching goal is to arrive at insight in the effects of the abiotic environment, including changes therein (e.g. global warming, ocean acidification), on physiology and diversity of marine photo-autotrophes.

 

twitter: KRTimmermans

 1981 – 1986: Masters Degree Biology, University of Amsterdam, (cum laude), October 1986.

1986 – 1991: PhD, Faculty Biology, thesis defense 3 May 1991 (University of Amsterdam). Title of thesis: "Trace metal ecotoxicokinetics of chironomids"

Bibliometric information (May 2012): Total publications in international peer reviewed journals: 62, h-index: 27, total citations: 2053.

Seagoing experience:

1991:R.V. Pelagia, North Sea, Texel - Texel, 2 weeks.

1993:R.V. Pelagia, BLOOM cruise, northern North Sea, Texel - Texel, 4 weeks.

1995: R.V. Polarstern, ANT 12/4, Southern Ocean, coordinator NIOZ participation, Punta Arenas - Punta Arenas, 9 weeks.

1998: R.V.  Pelagia, MERLIM cruise, chief scientist, Atlantic Ocean, , Texel – Texel, 4 weeks.

1999: R.V.  Polarstern, ANT 16/3, , Southern Ocean, coordinator NIOZ participation, Capetown - Capetown, 9 weeks.

2000: R.V.  Polarstern, ANT 18/2 EisenEx, Southern Ocean, Capetown - Capetown, 9 weeks.

2002: R.V. Pelagia, IRONAGES cruise, chief scientist, Atlantic Ocean, Ponta Delgada - Valencia, 4 weeks.

2005: , R.V. Marion Dufresne, KEOPS cruise, Southern Ocean, coordinator NIOZ participation, La Reunion - La Reunion, 8 weeks.

2005: R.V. Pelagia, Test cruise clean CTD sampling system, chief scientist, North Atlantic, Cadiz - Las Palmas, 2 weeks.

2007: R.V. Pelagia, Titan testcruise, chief scientist, North Atlantic, Texel -  Lisbon, 2 weeks.

2009: R.V. Pelagia, Stratiphyt, North Atlantic, Las Palmas – Reykjavik - Texel, 5 weeks.

2011: R.V. Pelagia, Stratiphyt, North Atlantic, Las Palmas – Reykjavik, 4 weeks.

 Executive coordinator EU-projects: MERLIM(1996-1999), CARUSO(1998-2001), IRONAGES (1999-2003).

Regular reviewer for: Marine Biology, Limnology and Oceanography, Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Journal of Phycology, Deep Sea Research, Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, Biogeosciences, Envioronmental Science and Technology. Regular reviewer for proposals submitted to NERC and DFG.

Other: 

2001 - 2002: Course Management in Research Organizations (MIOO), Bureau Leeuwendaal.

April 2002 - December 2004: chairman Committee Safety & Health at Work (ARBO), NIOZ.

January 2004 - May 2006: Department head a.i. Marine Chemistry and Geology, NIOZ.

July 2004 - December 2008: member of NIOZ Work Council (Ondernemingsraad), chair from 1 January 2005 – 15 January 2009.

July 2005 – 2010: Member of Board of NECOV (Nederlands-Vlaamse Vereniging voor Ecologie), Section Aquatic Ecology.

January 2009 – August 2011: deputy head of department Biological Oceanography.

September 2011–  February 2012: head of department Biological Oceanography ad interim.

February 2012 – onwards: head of department Biological Oceanography.

September 2012: lectures Marine Sciences I, University Utrecht

Oktober 2012: master class Management in Research Organisations (MIOO), Bureau Leeuwendaal.

 

PhD thesis: Timmermans, K.R. (1991): Trace metal ecotoxicokinetics of chironomids. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 185 pp.

Chapter in book: Timmermans, K.R. (1993). Accumulation and effects of trace metals in freshwater invertebrates. In: Ecotoxicology of metals in invertebrates, P.S. Rainbow & R. Dallinger, Eds., Lewis Publishers: 133 - 148.

Grants:

Fe in situ , 1999–2001, NWO-ALW.

KEOPS travel Grant 2004, Netherlands AntArtic Programme (NAAP).

ALW Klein Vaarprogramma 2004–2005.

ALW vaarprogramma: testcruise Pelagia 2007.

SRON project “Improved quantification of Southern Ocean diatoms as indicators for carbon fixation (KERGUELEN), 2006-2010, coordinated by Dr H v.d. Woerd, IvM, VU, Amsterdam. Supervisor of post-doc Dr Louis Peperzak. FINISHED

PhD project “Southern Ocean primary productivity in a high CO₂ world” (Dutch Antarctic Programme 2006-2010), coordinated by Prof HJW de Baar, NIOZ, Texel. Vacancy.

PhD Darwin project “Microbial carbon fixation in past and future high CO₂ oceans”, (2007-2011), coordinated by Prof J Middelburg, NIOO-CEME, Yerseke. Supervisor of Drs Astrid Hoogstraten.

ZKO Carrying capacity. Project: Consequences of phosphorus reduction for the dynamic transfer of organic matter between primary producers and primary consumers, coordinated by Dr J. Kromkamp (NIOO-CEME) 2008-2012. Supervisor in subproject 1. Group specific primary production & limiting factors.

ZKO Oceanen Project: GEOTRACES, Global Change and Microbial Oceanography in the West Atlantic Ocean (GEOSECS Re-visited), coordinated by Prof HJW de Baar (NIOZ), 2009-2013. Supervisor in subproject: Trace elements and isotopes of the international GEOTRACES program.

ZKO Oceanen: STRATIPHYT: Changes in vertical stratification and their impact on phytoplankton communities, coordinated by Dr CPD Brussaard (NIOZ), 2009-2013. Supervisor in Subproject 2. Phytoplankton production and physiology in relation to changes in vertical stratification  (post-doc Dr Willem van de Poll).

NIOZ PhD project: Biochemical and ecological effects of resource co-limitation on key phytoplankton species. Supervisor in project coordinated by Dr C.P.D. Brussaard (NIOZ). Douwe Maat

FP6 EU project EPOCA: principal investigator.

FP6 EU project EurOceans: principal investigator.

Gemengd zilt aqua-agrarisch bedrijf: 2009 LEADER+ (Provincies Noord-Holland en Friesland): pilot experiment voor geintegreerde kweek van harders, macro-wieren, micro-algen, schelpdieren en zout-tolerante groentes.

Visserijfonds: innovatie zeewier-hatchery : Toegekend mei 2012

 

Publications Klaas Timmermans (updated May 2012).

 2012

Hoogstraten, A., K.R. Timmermans, H.J.W. de Baar. Morphological and physiological effects in Proboscia alata (Bacillariophyceae) grown under different light and CO­₂ conditions of the modern Southern Ocean. J. Phycol. 48: 559-568.

Hoogstraten, Astrid, Marloes Peters, Klaas R. Timmermans and Hein J.W. de Baar Combined effects of light and inorganic carbon on Phaeocystis globosa Scherffel (Prymnesiophyceae). Biogeosciences, 9: 1885-1896.

 2011

Peperzak, L., K.R. Timmermans, M.R. Wernand, S. Oosterhuis and H.J. Van Der Woerd. A mesocosm tool to optically study phytoplankton dynamics. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 9: 232-244.

2010

Timmermans, K.R., B. van der Wagt. Variability in cell size, nutrient depletion and growth rates of the Southern Ocean diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis (Bacillariophyceae) after prolonged iron limitation. J. Phycol. 46: 497-506.

Thuróczy, C.-E., L.J.A. Gerringa, M. Klunder, R. Middag, P. Laan, K.R. Timmermans, H.J.W. de Baar. Speciation of Fe in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res. I 57: 1444-1453.

Boye, M., Nishioka, J., Croot, P., Laan, P., Timmermans, K.R., Strass, V., Takeda S., de Baar, H.J.W. Significant portion of dissolved organic Fe-complexes in fact is Fe colloids. Mar. Chem. 122: 20-27.

2008.

Timmermans, K.R., M.J.W. Veldhuis, P. Laan, C.P.D. Brussaard. Probing natural iron fertilization near the Kerguelen (Southern Ocean) using natural phytoplankton assemblages and diatom cultures. Deep Sea Res. II 55:693-705.

Timmermans, K.R., H.J. van der Woerd, M. Wernand, M. Sligting, J. Uitz,  H.J.W. de Baar. In situ and remote sensed Chlorophyll fluorescence as indicator of the physiological state of phytoplankton near the Isles Kerguelen (Southern Ocean). Polar Biol. 31:617-628.

Sarthou, G., D. Vincent, U. Christaki, I. Obernosterer, K.R. Timmermans, C.P.D. Brussaard. The fate of biogenic iron during a phytoplankton bloom induced by natural fertilization: impact of copepod grazing. Deep Sea Res. II 55:734-751.

Gerringa, L.J.A., S. Blain, P. Laan, G. Sarthou, M.J.W.Veldhuis, E. Viollier, K.R. Timmermans. Fe-binding dissolved organic ligands near the Kerguelen Archipelago in the Southern Ocean (Indian sector). Deep Sea Res. II 55:606-621.

Brussaard, C.P.D., K.R. Timmermans, J. Uitz, M.J.W. Veldhuis. Virioplankton dynamics and virally induced phytoplankton lysis versus microzooplankton grazing southeast of the Kerguelen (Southern Ocean). Deep Sea Res. II 55:752-765.

Rijkenberg, M.J.A., L.J.A. Gerringa, K.R. Timmermans, A.C. Fischer,K.J. Kroon, A.G.J. Buma, B.Th. Wolterbeek, H.J.W. de Baar. Enhancement of the reactive iron pool by marine diatoms. Mar. Chem. 109:29-44.

De Baar, H.J.W., L.J.A. Gerringa, P. Laan, K.R. Timmermans. Efficiency of carbon removal per added iron on ocean iron fertilization. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 364:269-282.

De Baar, H.J.W., K.R. Timmermans, P. Laan, H. De Porto, S. Ober, M. Bakker, J. Blom, M. Bakker, J. Schilling, G. Sarthou, L. Gerringa, M. Smit, M. Klunder. TiTan®: a New Facility for Ultraclean Sampling of Trace Elements and  Isotopes in the Oceans in the International Geotraces Program. Mar.Chem. 111:4-21.

 2007.

Timmermans, K.R., M.J.W. Veldhuis, C.P.D. Brussaard. Cell death in 3 marine diatom species in response to different irradiances levels, silicate and iron concentrations. Aquat. Micriobiol. Ecol.46:253-261.

Fischer, A.C., A. Steinebach, K.R. Timmermans, H.Th. Wolterbeek. A method for the destruction and analysis of biogenic silica in two Antarctic diatom species: Thalassiosira sp. and Chaetoceros brevis. J. Applied Phycol. 19:71-77.

De Jong, J.T.M., M. Boye, M.D. Gelado-Caballero, K.R. Timmermans, M.J.W. Veldhuis, R.F. Nolting, C.M.G. van den Berg, H.J.W. de Baar. Inputs of iron, manganese and aluminium to surface waters of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and the European continental shelf. Mar. Chem. 107:120-142.

Veldhuis, M.J.W., K.R. Timmermans. Phytoplankton dynamics during an in situ iron enrichment experiment (EisenEx) in the Southern Ocean: a comparative study of field and bottle incubation measurements. Aquat. Microbiol. Ecol.47:191-208.

Sarthou, G., A. Baker, J. Kramer, P. Laan, A. Laës, S. Ussher, E. Achterberg, H.J.W. de Baar, K.R. Timmermans, S. Blain. Influence of atmospheric inputs on the iron distribution in the subtropical North-East Atlantic Ocean.  Mar. Chem. 104:186-202.

Blain, S., B. Quéguiner, L. Armand, S. Belviso, B. Bombled, L. Bopp, A. Bowie, C. Brunet, C. Brussaard,  F. Carlotti, U. Christaki, A. Corbière, I. Durand, F. Ebersbach, J-L. Fuda, N. Garcia, L. Gerringa, B. Griffiths,  C. Guigue, C. Guillerm, S. Jacquet, C. Jeandel,  P. Laan , D. Lefèvre, C. Lomonaco, A. Malits,  J. Mosseri, I. Obernosterer, Y-H. Park, M. Picheral, P. Pondaven, T. Remenyi, V. Sandroni, G. Sarthou, N. Savoye, L. Scouarnec, M. Souhaut, M. Thuiller, K. Timmermans, T. Trull, J. Uitz, P. van-Beek, M. Veldhuis, D. Vincent,  E. Viollier, L. Vong, T. Wagener. Effects of natural iron fertilisation on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean.  Nature 446:1070-1074. 

2006.

Fischer,A.C., H.Th. Wolterbeek, J.J. Kroon, L.J.A. Gerringa, T.G. Verburg, K.R. Timmermans, J.T. van Elteren, T. Teunissen. On the use of iron radio-isotopes to study iron speciation kinetics in seawater: A column separation and off-line counting approach. Sci. Tot. Environ. 362:242-258.

Rijkenberg, M.J.A., L.J.A. Gerringa, I. Velzeboer, K.R. Timmermans, A.J.G. Buma, H.J.W. de Baar. Iron-binding ligands in Dutch estuaries are not affected by UV induced photochemical degradation. Mar. Chem. 100:11-23.

Boye, M., A. Aldrich, C.M.G. van den Berg, J.T.M. de Jong, H. Nirmaier, M.J.W.Veldhuis, K.R. Timmermans, H.J.W. de Baar. The chemical speciation of iron in the north-east Atlantic Ocean. Deep Sea Res.  I 53:667-683.

Gerringa, L.J.A., M.J.W. Veldhuis, K.R. Timmermans, G. Sarthou, H.J.W. de Baar. Co-variance of dissolved Fe-binding ligands with phytoplankton characteristics in the Canary Basin. Mar. Chem. 102:276-290.

 2005.

Timmermans, K.R., B. van der Wagt, M.J.W. Veldhuis, A. Maatman, H.J.W. de Baar. Physiological responses of three species of picophytoplankton to nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and light limitation. J. Sea Res. 53:109-120.

Veldhuis, M.J.W., K.R. Timmermans, P. Croot, B. van der Wagt. Picophytoplankton: a comparative study of their biochemical composition and photosynthetic properties. J. Sea Res. 53:7-24.

Rijkenberg, M.J.A., A.C. Fischer, J.J. Kroon, L.J.A. Gerringa, K.R. Timmermans, H.Th. Wolterbeek, H.J.W. de Baar. The influence of UV irradiation on the photoreduction of iron in the Southern Ocean, Mar. Chem. 93:119-129.

Sarthou, G., K.R. Timmermans, S. Blain, P. Tréguer. Growth physiology and the fate of diatoms in the Ocean: a review. J. Sea Res. 53:25-42.

Boye, M., J. Nishioka, P.L. Croot, P. Laan, K.R. Timmermans^, H.J.W. de Baar. Major deviations of iron complexation during 22 days of a mescoscale iron enrichment in the open Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 96:257-271.

Nishioka, J., S. Takeda, H.J.W. de Baar, P. Laan, P. Croot, M. Boye, P. Laan, K.R. Timmermans. Changes in the concentration of iron in different size fractions during an iron enrichment experiment in the open Southern Ocean, EisenEx. Mar. Chem. 95:51-63.

Baar, H.J.W. de, P.W. Boyd, K.H. Coale, M.R. Landry, A. Tsuda, P. Assmy, D.C.E. Bakker, Y. Bozec, R.T. Barber, M.A. Brzezinski, K.O. Buesseler, M. Boye, P.L. Croot, F. Gervais, M.Y. Gorbunov, P.J. Harrison, W.T. Hiscock, P. Laan, C. Lancelot, C.S. Law, M. Levasseur, A. Marchetti, F.J. Millero, J. Nishioka, Y. Nojiri, T. van Oijen, U. Riebesell, M.J.A. Rijkenberg, H. Saito, S. Takeda, K.R. Timmermans, M.J.W. Veldhuis, A.M. Waite, C-S. Wong. Synthesis of 8Iron Fertilizations experiments: from the Iron Age in the Age of Enlightenment  JGR Special 110 (C9): Art. No. C09S16

 2004.

Timmermans, K.R., B. van der Wagt, H.J.W. de Baar. Growth rates, half saturation constants, and silicate, nitrate, and phosphate depletion in relation to iron availability of  four large open ocean diatoms from the Southern Ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 49:2141-2151.

Gerringa, L.J.A., M.J.A. Rijkenberg, K.R. Timmermans, A.G.J. Buma. The influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on the photochemical production of H₂O₂ in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean. J. Sea Res. 51:3-10.

Croot, P.L., P. Laan, J. Nishioka, V. Strass, M. Boye, K.R. Timmermans, R.G. Bellerby, L. Goldson. P. Nightingale, H.J.W. de Baar. Spatial and temporal distribution of Fe(II) and H₂O₂ during EisenEx, an open ocean mesoscale iron enrichment. Mar. Chem. 95:65-88

Kramer, J., P. Laan, G. Sarthou, K.R. Timmermans, H.J.W. de Baar. Distribution of dissolved aluminium in the high atmospheric input region of the subtropical waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 88:85-101.

Schulz, K.G., I. Zondervan, L.J.A. Gerringa, K.R. Timmermans, M.J.W. Veldhuis, U. Riebesell. Effect of trace metal availability on coccolithophorid calcification. Nature 430: 673-676.

Rijkenberg, M.J.A., L.J.A. Gerringa, P.J. Neale, K.R. Timmermans, A.G.J. Buma, H.J.W. de Baar. UVA variability overrules UVB ozone hole effects on the photoreduction of iron in the Southern Ocean. Geophys. Res. Letters. 31:doi:10.1029/2004GL020829.

2003.

Buitenhuis, E.T., K.R. Timmermans, H.J.W. de Baar. Zinc-bicarbonate co-limitation of Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). Limnol. Oceanogr. 48:1575-1582.

Visser, F., L.J.A. Gerringa, S.J. van der Gaast, H.J.W. de Baar, K.R. Timmermans. The role of reactivity and iron content of aerosol dust on growth rates of two Antarctic diatom species. J. Phycol. 39:1085-1094.

 2001.

Timmermans, K.R., L.J.A. Gerringa, H.J.W. de Baar, B. van der Wagt, M.J.W. Veldhuis, J.T.M. de Jong, P.L. Croot, M. Boye. Growth rates of large and small Southern Ocean diatoms in relation to availability of iron in natural seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46:260-266.

Timmermans, K.R., J. Snoek, L.J.A. Gerringa, H.J.W. de Baar. Not all eukaryotic algea can interreplace cobalt and zinc: Chaetoceros calcitrans (Bacillariophyceaea) versus Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). Limnol. Oceanogr. 46:699-704.

Timmermans, K.R.,  M.S. Davey, B. van der Wagt, J. Snoek, R.J. Geider, M.J.W. Veldhuis, L.J.A. Gerringa, H.J.W. de Baar. Co-limitation by iron and light of Chaetoceros brevis, C. dichaeta and C. calcitrans (Bacillariophyceae). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 217:287-297.

Veldhuis, M.J.W., G.W. Kraay, K.R. Timmermans. Cell death in phytoplankton: correlation between changes in membrane permeability, photosynthetic activity, pigmentation and growth. Eur. J. Phycol. 36:167-177.

2000.

Gerringa, L.J.A., H.J.W. de Baar, K.R.Timmermans. Iron limitation of phytoplankton growth in natural waters versus artificial laboratory media with EDTA. Mar. Chem. 68:335-347.

Hunnik, E. van, H. van den Ende, K.R. Timmermans, P. Laan, J.W. de Leeuw. A comparison of CO₂ uptake by the green algae Tetraedron minimum and Chlamydomonas monoica. Plant Biol. 2:624-627.

Nolting, R.F., M. Heijne, J.T.M. de Jong, K.R. Timmermans, H.J.W. de Baar. The determination and distribution of Zn in surface water samples collected in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. J. Environ. Monit. 37:534-538.

1999.

Nolting, R.F., H.J.W. de Baar, K.R. Timmermans, K. Bakker. Chemical fractionation of zinc versus cadmium among other metals nickel, copper and lead in the northern North Sea. Mar Chem. 67: 267–287.

Baar, de, H.J.W., J.T.M. de Jong, R.F. Nolting, M.A. Van Leeuwe, K.R. Timmermans, U. Bathmann, M. Rutgers van der Loeff, J. Sildam. Low dissolved Fe and the absence of diatom blooms in remote Pacific waters of the Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 66:1-34.

 1998.

Timmermans, K.R., M. Gledhill, R.F. Nolting, M.J.W. Veldhuis, H.J.W. de Baar, C.M.G. van den Berg. Responses of marine phytoplankton in iron enrichment experiments in the northern North Sea and northeast Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 61:229-242.

Timmermans, K.R., M.A. van Leeuwe, J.T.M. de Jong, R.M.L. McKay, R.F. Nolting,  H.J. Witte, J. van Ooyen, M.J.W. Swagerman, H. Kloosterhuis, H.J.W. de Baar. Iron limitation in the Pacific region of the Southern Ocean: evidence from enrichment bioassays. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 166:27-41.

Janssens de Bisthoven, L., J.F. Postma, P. Parren, K.R. Timmermans, F. Ollevier. Relations between heavy metals in aquatic sediments and in Chironomus larvae of Belgian lowland rivers and their morphological deformities. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55:688-703.

van Leeuwe M.A., K.R. Timmermans, H.J. Witte, G.W. Kraay, M.J.W. Veldhuis, H.J.W. de Baar. Effects of iron stress on chromatic adaptation by natural phytoplankton communities in the Southern Ocean.  Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 166:43-52.

Nolting, R.F., L.J.A Gerringa, M.J.W. Swagerman, K.R. Timmermans, H.J.W. de Baar. Fe (III) speciation in the High Nutrient, Low Chlorophyll Pacific region of the Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 62:335-352.

Gledhill, M., C.M.G. van den Berg, R.F. Nolting, K.R. Timmermans. Variability in the speciation of iron in response to an algal bloom in the northern North Sea. Mar. Chem. 59:283-300.

1994.

Timmermans, K. R., W. Stolte, H.J.W. de Baar. Iron-mediated effects on nitrate reductase in marine phytoplankton. Mar. Biol. 121:389-396.

1992.

Timmermans, K.R., E. Spijkerman, M. Tonkes, H.A.J. Govers. Cadmium and zinc uptake by two species of aquatic freshwater invertebrate predators from dietary and aqueous sources. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.  49:655-662.

Timmermans, K.R., W. Peeters, M. Tonkes. Cadmium, zinc, lead and copper in larvae of Chironomus riparius (Meigen) (Diptera; Chironomidae): uptake and effects. Hydrobiologia  241:119-134.

1991.

Van Hattum, B., K.R. Timmermans, H. Govers. Abiotic and biotic factors influencing in situ trace metal levels in macro-invertebrates in freshwater ecosystems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:275-292.

Janssens de Bisthoven, L., K.R. Timmermans. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in Chironomus gr. thummi larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) with deformed versus normal mentum. Hydrobiologia 239:141-149.

1990.

Heinis, F., K.R. Timmermans, W.R. Swain. Short-term sublethal effects of cadmium on the filter feeding chironomid larva Glyptotendipes pallens (Meigen) (Diptera). Aquat. Toxicol. 16:73-86.

1989.

Timmermans, K.R., B. van Hattum, M.H.S. Kraak, C. Davids. Trace metals in a littoral foodweb: concentrations in organisms, sediment and water. Sci. Tot. Environ. 87/88:477-494.

Timmermans, K.R., P.A. Walker. The fate of trace metals during the metamorphosis of chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae). Environ. Pollut. 62:73-85.